Psychological well-being, which consists of personal growth, positive relationships with others, environmental mastery, self-acceptance, autonomy, and purpose in life, has been examined in the context of various health conditions. A large body of research shows that psychological well-being is associated with self-perceived health, longevity, health behaviors, and mental and physical health. Investigations of quality of life (QOL, a construct closely related to well-being) following a stroke have found that individuals describe themselves as more negative and much less independent, satisfied, and in control. Also, individuals feel a sense of a restricted future due to their expectations of life with a disability (Ellis-Hill & Horn, 2004). In comparison, patients who underwent tumor resection were less likely to have impaired QOL and depression than those who have not underwent tumor resection (Brown et al., 2005). This previous work suggests that the etiology of neurological injury (e.g., stroke versus resection) might have important implications for psychological outcomes following a neurological event. However, no studies to date have examined this issue directly, viz., by investigating whether etiology (stroke versus resection) is related to levels of psychological well-being following the event. The current work aimed to begin to fill this gap in the literature, investigating differences in psychological well-being in patients who underwent a benign tumor resection (n=26, female=15) compared to those who experienced a stroke (n=61, female=22). Furthermore, although few gender differences following tumor resection or stroke have been noted in the literature, some subtle differences in psychological well-being after a neurological event are evident between men and women. Therefore, the current study aimed to examine gender differences in psychological well-being in these groups of patients as well. A significant main effect of etiology (resection vs. stroke) emerged, F(1,83) = 6.17, p = 0.01, eta-squared = 0.07, such that people who underwent tumor resections had higher levels of psychological well-being (M = 414.53, SD = 62.73) compared to those who experienced a stroke (M = 381.29, SD = 59.94). No significant main effect of sex, F(1,83) = 0.55, p > 0.05, and no interaction between etiology and sex, F(1, 83) = 0.44, p > 0.05, emerged. The findings from this research could help clinical management of neurological patients, by prioritizing the well-being of patients and how it can affect their treatment and recovery.